Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) was an American philosopher, founder of pragmatism, the doctrine that genuine conceptual distinctions must be correlated with some difference of practical...

Parmenides

Parmenides (c.510-450 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, head of the Eleatic school (so called after Elea in South Italy). Short Biography: Against Heraclitus's doctrine...

Vilfredo Pareto

Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) produced the first account of society as a self-regulating and interdependent system that operates independently of human attempts at voluntary control....

Jose Ortega y Gasset

Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955) considered communism and fascism the cause of the downfall of western civilization. Short Biography: His Toward a Philosophy of History in 1941...

Henry Oldenburg

Henry Oldenburg (1615-1677) was a German official who founded and edited the first-ever scientific periodical, Philosophical Transactions, and, through his extensive correspondence...

William of Ockham

William of Ockham (c. 1300-1349) was a English philosopher, who revived the fundamentals of nominalism. Short Biography: He was born in Ockham, Surrey, and as a Franciscan monk...

Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) argued that "God is dead" and therefore people were free to create their own values. Biography: His ideal was the Ubermensch, or "Superman"...

Nicholas Of Cusa

Nicholas Of Cusa (1401-1464) argued that knowledge is learned ignorance (docta igtwrantia), since God, the ultimate object of knowledge, is above the opposites by which human reason...

G. E. Moore

George Edward Moore (1873-1958) was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge University, he was professor of philosophy at the university (1925-1939), and edited the journal Mind, to...

John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) progressive views inspired On the Subjection of Women in 1869. Short Biography: In his social philosophy, he gradually abandoned the Utilitarians'...

James Mill

James Mill (1773-1836) was a Scottish philosopher and political thinker who developed the theory of utilitarianism (actions are morally right if they lead to happiness). Short Biography...

Robert Michels

Robert Michels (1876-1936) was originally a radical, he became a critic of socialism and Marxism, and in his last years supported Hitler and Mussolini. Short Biography: In Political...

Marin Mersenne

Marin Mersenne (1588-1648) was French mathematician and philosopher who, from his base in Paris, did much to disseminate throughout Europe the main advances of French science. In...

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) attempted to move beyond the notion of a pure experiencing consciousness, arguing in The Phenomenology of Perception in 1945 that perception is intertwined...

George Herbert Mead

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) was an American philosopher and social psychologist, who helped to found the philosophy of pragmatism. Short Biography: He taught at the University...

Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) "Das KapitallCapital" (1867-1895) is the fundamental text of Marxist economics, and his systematic theses on class struggle, history, and the importance...

Jacques Maritain

Jacques Maritain (1882-1973) was a French philosopher. Short Biography: Originally a disciple of Bergson, as in La philosophic bergsonienne/Bergsonian Philosophy in 1914, he...

Herbert Marcuse

Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) was a German political philosopher, in the USA from 1934; Short Biography: His theories combining Marxism and Freudianism influenced radical thought...

Nicolas Malebranche

Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715) was born in Paris, he joined the Congregation of the Oratory in 1660. Short Biography: De la Recherche de la Veriti/Search after Truth (1674-1978)...

Moses Maimonides

Moses Ben Maimon (1135-1204) was a Jewish rabbi and philosopher, born in Cordoba, Spain. Short Biography: Known as one of the greatest Hebrew scholars, he attempted to reconcile...

Gyorgy Lukacs

Gyorgy Lukacs (1885-1971) was an Hungarian philosopher, one of the founders of "Western" or "Hegelian" Marxism, a philosophical current opposed to the Marxism of the official communist...

John Locke

John Locke (1632-1704) essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) maintained that experience was the only source of knowledge (empiricism), and that "we can have knowlege no farther...

Voltaire

Voltaire (real name Frani§ois-Marie Arouet) was born on November 21, 1694 in Paris, France. He was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher. Biography and Career...

Petre Tutea

Petre Tutea was born on October 6, 1902, in Boteni village, Muscel, Romania. He was a Romanian economist, essayist, philosopher and man of politics. Biography and Career : His...